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The Battle of Bosworth in Leicestershire in 1485 altered the course of English history and ushered in the reign of the Tudor dynasty. It was regarded as a significant win for the House of Lancaster during the War of the Roses, a war that had seen the House of York and the House of Lancaster fighting for the English throne since 1455. In this battle, Henry Tudor’s (subsequently known as Henry VII) army managed to kill the current king Richard III on the battlefield, allowing Henry and the House of Lancaster to take the throne.

Today, this battle is largely considered to have ended to the War of the Roses as the Tudor dynasty managed to consolidate and maintain power until Elizabeth I’s death in 1603. But at the time, the Yorkists weren’t ready to give up and were making moves to secure the English throne once again.

The Yorkist side found hope in Lambert Simnel, a 10-year-old boy pretending to be the Earl of Warwick, supposedly the son of Edward IV’s brother. The leaders of the Yorkist side used Simnel to re-group support after the devasting Battle of Bosworth.

To gather an army, the Yorkist leaders travelled to Dublin in May 1487 and managed to recruit over 4000 men. Simnel was even crowned ‘King Edward VI’ in Dublin by the Yorkist leaders and Irish nobility.

Above: 19th century illustration depicting Irish supporters carrying Simnel (By Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Ed. Vol XXV. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910. 124. - Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Ed. Vol XXV. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910. 124., Public Domain)

Returning to England at the start of June 1487, the army numbers increased to around 8,000 soldiers and the men began travelling south from Lancaster. Along the way, the rebel Yorkist army encountered Lancastrian cavalry which started three days of skirmishes at Sherwood Forest. The Lancastrian cavalry was forced back to Nottingham by the rebel Yorkists, and there the cavalry waited for Henry’s main army to come and assist.

King Henry’s army of some 15,000 men arrived in Nottingham on 14th June, including reinforcements from Wales. The poorly-equipped Yorkist army were dangerously outnumbered.

Both sides clashed in battle on 16th June 1487 in East Stoke, a battle to be known as the Battle of Stoke Field. It remains Nottinghamshire’s only registered battlefield.

Only parts of Henry’s army had formed up properly when the battle started but even so, the Yorkist army, with their fewer numbers, poorly-equipped soldiers and weaker leadership, suffered a devasting loss with heavy casualties. By the end, almost all of the Yorkist leaders had been killed and many of the soldiers tried to ‘flee towards the River Trent but were captured or killed. The River Trent is said to have “run red with blood”’.

The number of men killed in the battle is estimated to be between 4000-7000 men and unfortunately the hope of putting a Yorkist on the throne died with them.

Burial pits containing some of the fallen have been recorded near East Stoke (M1680 and M17856). A small number of 8-11 individuals recovered from this pit were analysed as recently as the mid 2010’s. The results suggested all the remains belonged to robust males aged between 17 and 46. Sharp force trauma was encountered on many bones including skulls and tibia.

If you would like to hear more, Dr Samantha Tipper, who has performed osteological analysis on remains from Stoke Field, will be presenting her findings at the Palace Theatre in Newark on 17th April 2026, click here for more information or to book your place.

The Battle of Stoke Field is not only important for Nottinghamshire’s heritage but also in English history as the true end of the War of the Roses.

For fantastic videos, including some wonderful interviews with some of the main characters of the battle, and a self-guided trail on public footpaths to visit the site, visit the Nottinghamshire County Council’s web page here.

As a registered battlefield, Historic England manages the record and research of this site, you can view their list entry here.

Above: Battle of Stoke Field at ground level (By Andrew Tatlow, CC BY-SA 2.0)

With the warm weather and slightly longer days brings a new selection of heritage events happening across Nottinghamshire. Here are just a few for you:

Monday 2nd March: Head to Hucknall Library ‘for a free small group session to explore Inspire’s Heritage photograph collections. Discover more about the Inspire Picture Archive which holds over 40,000 images of Nottinghamshire life from the 19th century up to the present day’. You will also learn how to upload your own photographs to add to Inspire’s catalogue and how Inspire manage their physical photograph collection. Book your place for free here.

Monday 2nd March: ‘Join Professor Tom Higham online to discover the latest scientific methods and breakthroughs in Neanderthal extinction and human dispersals’. ‘In this lecture [he] will talk about the latest data, both from the field and the laboratory, and explore the disappearance of the Neanderthals and the dispersal of ‘modern humans’ into Eurasia. [He] will outline some of the new biomolecular tools we are now using to find fragmentary human bones, which can then be genetically sequenced and dated, and what these have told us about this period of human prehistory’. Book your free place here.

Saturday 14th March: Also at Hucknall library is a new event to celebrate the project: ‘Hucknall, Skegby, and Selston: Then and Now’. ‘Come along and discover how Hucknall, Skegby and Selston have changed over time’ and ‘and explore Hucknall Library’s heritage resources including the new Nottinghamshire Digital Archive platform’. The ‘project artist, Edwina Kung will also be running a fun, interactive artist workshop for families, during the celebration event’. This event is free and no booking is required, just drop in! For more information, visit the event page here.

Sunday 15th March: ‘Treat your mum to a Mothers Day experience like no other – a walk in Sherwood Forest with Robin Hood’. ‘This walk is around 90 minutes and will be packed with some of Robin’s favourite tales of the outlaws and motherly figures from history’. Tickets cost up to £11 per person and booking is required. Book your place here.

Tuesday 17th March: At Mansfield Central Library, ‘join historian David Templeman for an in-depth talk on the interaction between the three most colourful and charismatic women in Elizabethan History’ (Elizabeth I, Mary, Queen of Scots and Bess of Hardwick). ‘David’s talk will offer a new perspective on these women and a unique insight into a predominantly man’s world entered into and conquered by these three powerful icons’. Tickets cost £3 and booking is required. Book your place here.

Above: Votes For Women Poster, 1909. (By Hilda Dallas - Private collection, Public Domain)

Wednesday 18th March: Head to Beeston Library for the ‘Heritage Talk: Deeds Not Words’. ‘The Suffragette movement revolutionised how women were viewed, and what they could achieve. The Nottingham area certainly had it’s share of these courageous women. Come and find out about who these remarkable women were, as local historian Sandra Berrington uncovers the efforts and sacrifices they made to give women equality’. Tickets cost £3 and booking is required. Book your place here.

Wednesday 18th March: ‘Step back in time and join Reverend John T. Becher, founder of The Workhouse, on a tour of Southwell. Follow Becher on an historical 2.5 mile walking tour of Southwell as he highlights his connections with the town as a churchman, magistrate and social reformer during a period of great change’. This event is free but booking is recommended. Book your place here.

Friday 27th March: In association with the National Civil War Centre, join archaeologist Richard Parker to find out more about the Norton Disney Dodecahedron. ‘This fine example of a Gallo Roman dodecahedron was found in the summer of 2023 when archaeologists excavated a Roman site at Norton Disney, close to a Roman villa and the Fosse Way Roman road. Its purpose remains a mystery’. This evening event, at the Palace Theatre, costs up to £10 per person and booking is required. Book your place here.

Friday 27th and Saturday 28th March: ‘As part of its new events programme, the Framework Knitters Museum is presenting the world premiere of ‘Riot Act’, a play originally commissioned by Nottingham Playhouse, by renowned Nottingham writer Andy Barrett. ‘Riot Act’ explores the lives of the Nottinghamshire framework knitters and the rise and fall of the Luddite movement at the start of the nineteenth century’. Tickets cost £5 per person and booking is required. Book your place here.

One invention that is thought to have originated out of Nottinghamshire is the Stocking Frame. The stocking frame, invented in 1589, was a revolutionary knitting machine used within the textile industry. The use of this machine helped bring about the Industrial Revolution and the principles of machine knitting laid out by this machine are still used in the textile industry today.

Its invention is attributed to an Englishman named William Lee. Sadly, nothing much concrete is known about William. Most reports theorise he was a clergyman from Calverton, Nottinghamshire. There has been some argument that he lived in Sussex instead, but scholars predominantly believe he was a Nottinghamshire man. We are inclined to agree!

The stocking frame worked by imitating hand-knitting movements. It was unlike anything available at the time. Lee sought out a patent for the machine from Queen Elizabeth I. Upon demonstration of the machine, Elizabeth declined his patent request on the fear that his machine would be highly detrimental to those working in the hand-knitting industry. Elizabeth promised William that if he could improve his machine to be able to make silk stockings then his patent would be approved (Rowlett 1886).

His machine wasn’t a perfect invention from conception. The frame originally could only produce coarse fabrics as it contained eight needles in an inch. So, William worked on improving the machine, by increasing the needles per inch, until, in 1598, it was capable of knitting silk stockings.

Above: Stocking Frame at Framework Knitters Museum, Ruddington, Nottinghamshire. By John Beniston (Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0).

Unfortunately for William, despite his improvements, his patent was declined again by Elizabeth’s successor James I. Upon this rejection, he decided to take the stocking frame and his workers to France under the protection of King Henry IV.

In 1610, however, Henry IV was assassinated. At a time where religion was a very divisive aspect of society, the death of the Protestant King Henry and the succession of the Catholic Louis XIII had consequences for the Protestants in France. As one of those Protestants, William’s stocking frame business badly suffered. William died in Paris a few years later (many report that he died in 1614) with his business that he had worked at for decades in disrepair.

Some of his stocking frames made their way back to England with his workers. Many workers sold their frames in London while his brother James is reported to have helped to establish the use of the stocking frame into the textile industry in England.

In the seventeenth and eighteen centuries, the stocking frame ‘was probably the most sophisticated textile machine in common use in western civilisation’ (Lewis, 1986). The frame could hold around 38 needles per inch by 1750 (Lewis, 1986), a stark difference from the number of needles on the initial conceptions of the machine. By the mid-seventeenth century , attempts were made by framework knitters to ‘regulate the exportation of machinery and skilled labour…as a reflection of the workers’ new-found estimation of his machinery and skills’ (Lewis, 1986).

Further adaptions of Lee’s machine continued even up to the 19th century as the stocking frame was adapted for different textiles and knitting styles. By the start of the 19th century, the machine had notably been adapted as a lace making machine, which also has special connections to Nottingham in the form of the lace market.

Lee most likely had no idea how much of an importance his machine would have on the textile industry centuries down the line. His influence ‘laid the foundation for an industry that now gives employment to millions. There can be but few people in the world who do not make daily use of its products’ (Pasold, 1975).

If it weren’t for the dedication and determination of Lee and his loyal workers to continually improve the stocking frame, the history of textile production would look wildly different.

If you would like to learn more about the stocking frame or about the textile industry, we suggest you visit the Framework Knitters’ Museum in Ruddington.

Bibliography:

Lewis, P. 1986. ‘William Lee’s Stocking Frame: Technical Evolution and Economic Viability 1589-1750’, Textile History, Volume 17. Pp. 129-147

Pasold, E.W. 1975. ‘In Search of William Lee’, Textile History, Volume 6. Pp.7-17

Rowlett, W.T. 1887. ‘Framework Knitting’, Journal of the Society of Arts, Volume 36. Page 445

There are some exciting heritage events happening in Nottinghamshire. Check out some of them below:

Monday 2nd Feb: ‘Join Professor Matthew Tocheri online to discover the fascinating story of 'the hobbits of human evolution': Homo floresiensis’. The talk, in association with Creswell Crags, will explore the past, present and future research and representations of this extinct group. This event is free (donations welcome) but booking is required. Book your place here.

Tuesday 3rd Feb: At Hucknall Library, ‘join local historian Denis Hill, for an insight into the fascinating history and heritage of the townships of Ashfield district. For this – the first of two talks – he will focus on Hucknall, Annesley and Selston, each of which has much to shout about and celebrate, but which may be generally unknown’. This event is free but booking is required. Book your place here.

Wednesday 4th Feb: As part of the celebration of LGBT+ month, ‘bestselling author Gareth Russell [is presenting] a special talk centred on his new book 'Queen James’. ‘This event explores LGBTQ+ narratives woven through royal history’ in association with the National Civil War Centre. Tickets for this event at the Palace Theatre, Newark, cost up to £10 per person and booking is required. Book your place here.

Tuesday 10th Feb: ‘In the second part of Denis Hill’s celebration of Ashfield’s heritage he will focus on Kirkby, Skegby, Sutton and Teversall. Throughout the district Denis identifies numerous historical ‘firsts’ or ‘oldest’ inventions connected to our industrial heritage of which local residents may be justly proud.’ This talk at Hucknall Library is also free but booking is required. Book your place here.

Wednesday 11th Feb: At Lakeside Arts, join Alan Micklethwaite, ‘a sculptor, stone carver and conservator, who has worked on the conservation of historic buildings for more than 30 years’ for talk on his insights into traditional and modern ‘techniques and processes involved’ in restoring and repairing ‘sculpture[s] on historic monuments and buildings’. Tickets for his talk ‘Restoration Stone Carving’ cost up to £3.50 per person and booking is required. Book your place here.

Friday 13th Feb: ‘In 1642, when Charles I raised his standard in Nottingham, he ruled not just England, Ireland, and Scotland, but also “the dominions thereunto belonging”. These distant settlement, most small and new, were drawn into events at home, and the English Atlantic was shaped by the civil wars, regicide, and experiments in new forms of government over the next two decades. Join distinguished Professor and Joyce Appleby Endowed Chair of the America in the World, Carla Pestana, for this insightful talk’: ‘The British Civil War and the Wider World’ at the Palace Theatre, Newark in association with the National Civil War Centre. Tickets cost up to £10 per person and booking is required. Book your place here.

Tuesday 17th Feb: Head to Mansfield Central Library ‘for a talk by Roger West, author of Red Blood for Black Gold to hear the story of how this local mining history was written’. Tickets cost £3 per person and booking is required. Book your place here.

Friday 20th Feb: ‘Get acquainted with the world famous ancient oaks of Sherwood Forest with our tree expert, Rob Pedley. Sherwood has one of the highest densities of ancient oaks in the world. These impressive trees provide vital habitat for an abundance of species and play a crucial role in supporting the health of the forest. The walk leader will introduce you to a handful of these giants, giving you an insight into the life of a veteran oak’. Tickets cost up to £13 per adult. Book your place here.

Above: Sherwood Forest

A new year brings a new set of exciting heritage events happening in Nottinghamshire! Check out just a few of them below:

Starting Saturday 17th January: Inspire will be hosting a six-session course teaching you all about how to research your family history. ‘Over six sessions, you will be introduced to the main types of records available for your research. You will discover where to locate family history documents and online information, as well as developing your research skills to help you make sense of what you find’.  ’The course is suitable for complete beginners in family history but may also be useful for those with some family history experience who would like to update their knowledge, particularly in terms of online records’. Held at Worksop library, the course runs from the 17th January to 21st February costs up to £48 (although the course can be received for free for some receiving certain benefits) and booking is required. To book your place and for more information, visit the event page here.

Saturday 17th January: Head to the D. H. Lawrence Museum for a behind-the-scenes tour during their annual deep-clean. ‘These hour long sessions will show you the importance of conservation in preserving the museum and collection and you will learn techniques to look after your own treasures at home. These select tours are a unique opportunity to gain experience with historic objects’. Tickets cost £10 per person and booking is required. Book your place here.

Wednesday 21st January: ‘Come along to [Worksop Library] to discover the history of the Worksop and Retford Brewery Company (from its nineteenth century origins to its 1959 takeover by Sheffield Brewers, Tennants) and its effects on cultural and sporting life in Bassetlaw’. ‘This illustrated talk, by local authors and researchers Dave Pickersgill and John Stocks, tells the half-forgotten story of what was once one of Worksop’s foremost industries’. Tickets cost £3 and booking is required. Book your place here.

Opening Friday 30th January: The University of Nottingham Museum will opening their new temporary exhibition ‘The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Broughton Lodge, Willough-on-the-Wolds’. ‘The cemetery discovered at Broughton Lodge, Willoughby-on-the-Wolds, in Nottinghamshire was a pioneering community archaeology excavation of the 1960s. Since that time the remains, held in partnership between Nottingham City Museums and the University of Nottingham Museum, have never been displayed together until now. This exhibition reinterprets the evidence from the cemetery creating a picture of a Nottinghamshire community with pan-European connections in the sixth century AD’. The exhibition is open until early July 2026 so don’t worry if you can’t see it straight away! The event is free and booking is not required. For more information, visit the event page here.

Saturday 31st January: Head to Newark’s Palace Theatre for a wonderful new evening talk: ‘For Whom The Bell Tolls’. ‘Visible for miles around, the spire of St Mary’s church was a beacon, vantage point and source of local pride. Learn more about the central role played by St Mary’s Church in local life during the British Civil Wars with renowned local historian Stuart Jennings’. Tickets cost up to £10 per person and booking is required. Book your place here.

Above: Church of St Mary Magdalene, Newark